Robert gurr why minorities rebel




















I thought, with too much ambition and too little self-criticism, that it was possible to provide a general explanation for political protest and rebellion that could help readers understand not only the violent conflicts of the s, but a great many others as well. But equally we need to know about the societies in which they live, their beliefs and cultural traditions, and the governments they oppose.

The essential argument of the Why Men Rebel model is that to understand protest and rebellion in general, and in specific instances, we should analyze three general factors. First is popular discontent relative deprivation , along with an analysis of its sources.

In the early 21 st century people almost everywhere worry about international terrorism, instability in Africa and the Islamic world, growing inequality within and between countries, and the risks that political conflict will lead to genocidal massacres of dissidents.

Does an analytic framework from help us understand contemporary conflicts over these issues? The argument prompted strong theoretical critiques. Prominent scholars such as Charles Tilly, Theda Skocpol, and Sidney Tarrow argued that we should begin explanations by examining social and political structures Skocpol , political mobilization Tilly , and mass social movements Tarrow.

First, I continue to think that people, with all their diverse identities, desires, and beliefs, should be central to our analyses of conflict. This means that individuals should be the prism through which to examine the effects of social structures, beliefs, and the possibilities for mobilization and political action.

In my own later writings I have used the words grievances and sense of injustice to capture the essence of the state of mind that motivates people to political action. This brings me to my second point, which is that to understand grievances we must first examine where people stand in society and what goods and bads they experience. Recent protestors against the effects of globalization, for example, are mainly young people in advanced industrial societies who, objectively, benefit from globalization.

Why do they protest, and not the poor of the global South? Some young men in the Islamic world are attracted to militant movements like al-Qaeda and its affiliates that justify political violence by appealing to the Islamic doctrine of jihad; alternatively, they seek opportunities in the modern world in cities, in the Gulf states, and in Europe and North America. Why do they respond in such different ways to political appeals and opportunities?

This is my third point. To understand beliefs, it is not sufficient, maybe not even important, to analyze the abstract content of ideologies like indigenous rights or the motives of spokesmen for revolutionary doctrines. With what people do they feel kindred, what networks of social interaction and communication connect them? My fourth point concerns group mobilization. The Why Men Rebel model also looks at the extent of group organization, in chapter 8, but mainly in structural terms—it does not provide a full account of the processes by which they become organized.

Fifth, we need to examine how the communication of ideas and personal mobility has transformed political action in the last half-century. When Why Men Rebel was written, most protest and revolutionary movements were specific to one country, or just one city or region within a country.

Now the web, social networking and air travel make for much more rapid international movement of ideas and activists. Political action no longer stops at national borders. To understand why and how this occurs, it remains useful to begin with some of the Why Men Rebel arguments, which includes an analysis in chapter 4 of the role of the communication media in spreading political ideas.

We understand the mechanisms. What we do not understand as well is how skillful communicators can create a sense of identity and common purpose that transcend national boundaries and then use them to mobilize people in many different places for coordinated political action.

Next are some observations about the rationality of political action. Why Men Rebel was written on the psychological assumption that political violence originates as a non-rational reaction to frustration. In retrospect, I think it was a mistake to suggest that people who react violently to their sense of injustice are non-rational.

Partition, Democracy, and Turkey's Kurdish Minority. Scholars have argued that the outbreak of civil wars destroys the possibilities for ethnic cooperation and conclude that the most effective remedy for ethnic civil conflict is to redraw national … Expand. Why Do Ethnic Groups Rebel? Much of the quantitative literature on civil wars and ethnic conflict ignores the role of the state or treats it as a mere arena for political competition among ethnic groups. From an initial examination of communal … Expand.

The literature on the transnational dimension of civil wars points to transnational ethnic kin as an important catalyst that initiates and sustains civil wars.

Ethnic ties that transcend national … Expand. Highly Influenced. View 6 excerpts, cites background. Democracy and Indigenous Rebellion in Latin America. This article investigates the structural causes of ethnic rebellion among the indigenous populations of Latin America. It aims to fill three important gaps in the current understanding of ethnic … Expand. Minorities at risk: A global view of ethnopolitical conflicts.

The turmoil in Yugoslavia, the rebellions of the Kurds and Shi??? To help us understand … Expand. View 1 excerpt, references methods.

Ethnicity plays a vital role in contemporary world politics. This collection of essays documents the international dimensions of ethnic identity by examining the interaction between ethnicity and the … Expand. The Functions of Social Conflict. Titles in this highly international set consider every problem of socio-political importance that affected society in the years following the Second World War. This set includes important texts by … Expand.

Ethnicity versus Nationalism. The aim of this article is to identify some conditions for peaceful coexistence between the state and populations in multi-cultural societies.

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